CAD/CAM the digital innovation over the last years

 Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology systems

Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems use computers to gather information, design and produce a wide range of products. Using a computer with integrated software linked to a milling device, parts and components can be designed and machined precisely with CAD / CAM; In the early 1980s this technology was introduced into the dental community. The earliest attempt to apply CAD / CAM technology to dental practice began in the 1970s. The first dental CAD / CAM device which was commercially available was CEREC, developed by Mormann and Brandestini (1).

 Exciting new developments in the last 2 decades have led to the success of contemporary dental CAD / CAM technology. Using optical cameras, contact digitization, and laser, various methods were used to collect 3-dimensional data from the prepared tooth. Increased demand for safe and stable goods .Esthetically pleasing dental materials , new ceramic high strength materials have recently been Introduced as dental appliance materials .

 Since such materials have proven to be inimical to traditional dental processing technology , new advanced processing technologies and systems for integration into dentistry have been expected. One solution to this is the introduction of computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD / CAM) technology . As a result, the number of CAD / CAM systems currently available to the dental community has significantly increased in recent years

CAD / CAM systems consist of three components digitalization device / scanner that Changes the geometry to computerized information which the computer can handle. Software that forms information and relies on the application provides a collection of information for the item to be produced. Production technology that changes the collection of information into the ideal item.

 Scanner is an information assortment device which measures three-dimensional jaw and tooth structures and transforms them into computerized indexes. Scanners seek to face conventional impression manufacturing process problems and drawbacks such as mold instability, plaster pouring, margin laceration, geometric and dimensional disparity between die and mold in particular. The key benefit of using such tools is: high resolution models, development of 3D records and simulation of surgery and simplification of processes .

Basically there are two separate scanning possibilities • optical scanners • mechanical scanners. Optical scanners The idea of this type of scanner is an alleged 'triangulation technique' array of three-dimensional structures. Here, the light source (e.g. laser) and the receptor unit are in a distinct edge in their relationship to each other. At this point the machine will find a three-dimensional information index on the receptor unit from the picture.9. The acquisition of data takes place either indirectly after printing and manufacturing in master cast (extra-oral) or directly in patient mouth (intra-oral).

Optical scanners can be separated into two types: the first is single image cameras that record individual dentition images. The cameras iTero (Align Technology), PlanScan (Planmeca), CS 3500 (Carestream Dental LLC), and Trios (3 shape) are single image cameras that record approximately three teeth in one image. The second is the video cameras used by the True Definition Scanner (new edition of the Lava Chairside Oral Scanner, COS), Apollo DI (Sirona) and OmniCam (Sirona) systems .Many intra-oral scanning tools for restorative dentistry are now available worldwide:

CEREC ® from Sirona Dental System GMBH (DE):

launched by Sirona Dental System GMBH (DE): In 1987, the dental system GMBH (DE) could manufacture inlay and underwent a range of technical changes. (Figure1).

 

In 1994 Siemens launched CEREC 2. Based on two dimensional principles, this machine was capable of generating inlay, onlay, veneers, partial & full crowns and copings. (Fig 2).

 

CEREC 3 is in use, which is capable of producing inlay, onlay, veneers, partial & full crowns, copings as well as virtual automatic occlusal adjustment. This system was introduced by Sirona in 2005. This system is basically the advanced form of CEREC 3 which was earlier introduced in 2000 by Sirona but that system worked on two dimensional principles and was not able to provide virtual automatic occlusal adjustments .

 

 

Software Design:

CAD software generally designs three-dimensional shapes based on a combination of geometric shapes like cubes and cylinders. Clear numerical representation of the threedimensional shapes Values and mathematical expressions, CAD software development progressed to a level that was sufficient for practical applications even when computing power was low(24-26). CAD software technology is important to design an optimal configuration of the occlusal surface for each patient. However, CAD software is required that can be easily used by dental technicians, who are the main users, i.e. software that allows short-term design of the crowns and bridges.

 One concern about CAD software is. Now the manufacturers provide special software for the design of different types of dental restorations. With these tools, crown and fixed partial dentures (FPD) structures can be designed on the one hand; then again, some systems also give the opportunity to design full anatomical crowns, partial crowns, inlays, FPDs retained inlays, just like adhesive FPDs and primary telescopic crowns.

 

Digital impression systems focus on the imaging process and rely on dental laboratories to complete the design and fabrication processes and chair side CAD/CAM systems focus on integrating all three processes in the dental office (15). The E4D Dentiste system is the only CAD / CAM chair-side system currently available. These systems allow the incorporation into the dental office of all three phases of the CAD / CAM process, allowing for full control of the final restoration.

 The design and milling processes can be completed in a short enough time to allow the restoration to be done in one appointment resulting in improved quality and comfort for the patient, as there is no need for a temporary restoration or second appointment to deliver the restoration. Both chairside CAD / CAM systems can produce single tooth ceramic or composite inlays, onlays, veneers, and crowns. For these systems the imaging workflow is very close to that of the digital impression system. Today, as modern technologies and methods, the challenge for many dentists is to understand which of the three processes: imagery, CAD / CAM.

Computer aided design/CAM systems have upgraded dentistry by giving top notch rebuilding efforts. The advancement of current systems and the presentation of new frameworks show expanding the patient cordiality, extended abilities, and improved quality, and range in multifaceted nature and application.

 New materials additionally are progressively tasteful, wear all the more almost like polish, and are solid enough for full crowns and scaffolds. Existing computer aided design/CAM frameworks fluctuate drastically in their capabilities, There is no uncertainty that the utilization of computer aided design/CAM innovation in dentistry gives inventive, best in class dental help, and adds to the wellbeing and QOL of individuals in maturing social orders In this way, we should not dawdle actualizing new innovation to serve our patient.